What is the role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in cancer risk?

BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes play a crucial role in the body's ability to repair DNA breaks, and mutations in these genes significantly impact cancer risk. Specifically, when there are mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2, individuals have an increased likelihood of developing certain types of cancers, particularly breast and ovarian cancers. This is because these mutations impair the genes' normal function in repairing damaged DNA, leading to genetic instability and an increased potential for cancerous changes.

In women with harmful mutations in either BRCA1 or BRCA2, studies have shown a significantly elevated risk of developing breast cancer over their lifetime, with estimates suggesting risks as high as 72% for breast cancer and about 44% for ovarian cancer by age 80. Men with BRCA2 mutations also have an increased risk of breast cancer and are at a higher risk of developing prostate cancer.

Understanding the implications of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations is essential for cancer risk assessment and can inform screening strategies, preventive measures, and treatment decisions tailored to individuals with these genetic predispositions.